Jianying Ji wrote on Wed, Aug 14, 2002 08:20 PM UTC:
It seems to me that the elephant in xiangqi (on the blackside) is
most likely and almost certainly an import from india since china
has no elephants. the character used on the black side is that of
elephant which would be quite strange if it originated in china. so
certainly that perticular character and that piece must have come after
contact with india.
The cannon piece almost certainly originated in china, since
china invented gun powder quite early on.
Also the different symbols on each side almost hint that it might be
different army game once, with different powers on the sides, though
there might have been a more prosaic reason, that all the pieces have
different symbols between the sides since the original pieces were carved
and the only way to tell the sides were the characters. (red and black
came later)
And finally, since it is the elephant (xiang) that gives name to the
whole game, that is if translated directly word for word xiangqi would
be elephant boardgame (qi having being derived from weiqi) and that
elephants only known in china after contact with india, it is very likely
that modern xiangqi derives from indian source.